“Streaming, Taste, Delivery”

-Music moves across boundaries. Music also transcends culture and politics.
– ex: Herbie Hancock Jazz musician “Watermelon Man” song that had a minstrel show feel to it, perpetuating negative black stereotypes, was adopted by other artists from different genres s
Herbie Hancock-electronic music synthesized with Jazz

-Ownership plays a role in music as well.
The regulation of digital media which raises the question
Should we as a society consider regulating content?
Radio-works within set frequencies, that is limited.
The FCC- regulates radio, since it is electronically broadcasts and publicly owned resource. This means that the government is obligated to regulate its use. For “Public Good” is the standard they govern the radio programming to monitor the content being distributed to the community.
Television-in early days of TV ABC, NBC, and CBS were only three options available. PBS was not offered everywhere and was small so people had to watch one of the three major networks to get information/entertainment.
In those days television was also regulated and had to provide news with opposing viewpoints and weather. There weren’t laws instead there were regulations set forth for licensing. They relied on networks using self-censorship rather than laws to govern content.
Cable television was able to bend the rules more because there was more room to do so with additional channels on television. While digital television has absolutely no rules and networks can pretty much do what they want since there aren’t any regulations preventing them from distributing any content of their choosing.
The question asked in class is
Should YouTube be censored?
My answer to that is NO. It is true that some content on YouTube can be persuasive though it is incorrect and most times is pushing some sort of agenda also known as “conspiracy theories” BUT I feel that as individuals we bare the responsibility to do research on a topic and gather facts from multiple sources before coming to a conclusion. I feel that if people truly believe something to be fact because it is on the internet or is presented to them by someone they admire and they run with that information without checking any other outlets or sources they are less than smart. I think there should be a mandatory training module that everyone has to take before accessing the internet. It should be modeled after the tech requirements universities use for assessing student’s research skills to determine the reliability of sources.

“Mapping and Music”
-Digital platforms monitor our listening/purchasing behaviors then collect the data to generate similar choices for us. This makes it easy for me as a consumer. It requires almost no thought or time for me to find something new.
Ex: Pandora-for music
Amazon for almost anything
I do like that these digital companies are making it easier for me to find the things that interest me but I am wary of someone keeping track of me and trying to think for me.
This brings up the point that was brought up in the class of technology taking the choice away from us and minimizing our individuality.

“Course Review”
-The course description says this course will alternate between the history of digital media and the history of American music, looking at where they merge. We will be considering the larger question of what communications technology does not just for you, but to you—what does it mean to adopt a new technology?
-Though we did cover the history of digital media and American music I don’t feel as though the two make much sense being covered in the same course. To me, it felt like a stretch to connect the two topics, especially when they don’t intertwine often in the real world.
-Major Themes:
Claude Shannon explores attention, displacement (music, people, culture), space & time
Enclosure (security) ex: copyright vs Openness (sharing) ex: Wikipedia
Music was meant to be social but is now is consumed individually
Carr’s book addresses the generalization dynamic of music. New structures of authority that will empower everyday people.
Witt’s book covers the topic the medium/message, the function and use of DAW software ex: Garage Band, the invention of MP3 files and their ability to compress music by isolating the parts that people enjoy and deleting the rest to create a smaller digital music file. Witt’s concept worked to restructure people’s attention.
Miller’s book speaks about race being a factor in marketing. Garage Band is a musical software that does this exact thing. They categorize music by race with R&B being code for black-sounding music.
Copyright-ethical/legal responsibility

“Copyright”
-Intellectual property laws creators own their own materials
Subject matter: must be writings fixed in a tangible form of expression
Only covers expression, not ideas or facts
Original work that is independently created (a low bar for creativity)
Names and symbols aren’t covered

-Singing the Happy Birthday” song in public is actually copyright infringement since the song has been a copyright
Though the melody of the Happy Birthday song was taken from another song it is covered by the law as being copyright
-I have mixed feelings about the issue of copyright because I do think work generated by the original artist should be covered and they should be compensated for it as well as receive their due credit when it is sampled but on the flip side of this there is the argument that some things are so public and common that it is almost impossible to track everyone down and charge them for copyright infringement
This is definitely the case for the “Happy Birthday” song
Who hasn’t sung this song at one point or another? Should everyone who has ever sung the song or hum the melody be charged?
This seems to be a complicated issue that has left me with more questions than answers

“The DIgital Music Theory”

-Brandenburg lead the investigation to locate the original of mp3 and Swiker who was an anatomy guy who created products in the analog era
Moving sounds together to trick the human ear through Physio acidic masking illusion
Analysis by synthesis-Breaking up audio into bits. Overlapping tones
To me this is complicated since I’m not into computer science but I’m pretty sure this is just a means of manipulating data
Huffman coding- by David Hoffman in 1950s look for patterns to combine bits pure simple tone
The original six -the team that helped Brandenburg
Stream music
Store music
They created comprehension technology
At&t and other large companies gave money to move this tech forward
A filter bank- tech that split sound into component frequencies
M peg game their endorsement of the New compressed music tech MP2 and the MP3 different format for digitizing music
-online platforms were developed for creating and distributing music
Grew from peer to peer sharing to large scale downloading

Coim-The bit Torrence- make downloading faster by taking small bits from one song as multiple ppl were downloading it then convinced the bits together for the full song to play
Seen fanner (college student) created Napster-trading mp3 online
Options to streaming music became the digital jootbox
The AAC tech took over, which was created by the Fran Hoffer team and backed by corporations
Wares (software) -digital piracy of anything with sound music games even porn
Steve Church-telcoe
He listened the to the national hockey league to play music during games
1995 is the start of mp3 on North America during the new hockey season
Lp3 was a tool for ppl to create their own mp3 files at home
Later Intel was the first processor that could play a mp3 files from CDs
Brandenburg
The first handheld mp5 was the size of a brick and only held over minutes of sound
They created wind play for Windows 95 it could play 20 songs
By 1995 it cost $5

“Wikipedia and Crowdsourcing”

I’m glad Wikipedia finally have policies for controlling the info displayed on their site there was a time when any and everyone with access to a computer could edit and post on this site One of my classmates in high school adjusted the facts on a post about an actual historical event on Wikipedia and it remained there for a while
I think it was a wise decision for Wikipedia to hire a team to monitor the accuracy of content being posted through them BUT I also think they don’t want smoke with the new supreme court judge so they decided to delete the post made about him and released a statement
The repetition of Wikipedia has been tainted for years to the point that teachers stopped allowing them to be used as a source for research
For me the lines have been blurred on what is opinion-based info and what are true facts( unbiased)

“The Novice in archives/Internet history”

-Authority of history and control of media being shared on the internet
Www: is a free universal exchange of info-Tim Burns Lee
Wikipedia: Lack of ability to sustain attention creation of hypermedia-Claude Shannon

The process of locating information has drastically changed People can go straight to the primary source for info instead of conducting physical searches for printed material There is no longer a need for specialized credentials to gain access Now everyone has authority if you through their electronic devices

After reading through my notes from this course I am utterly confused. We have covered musical genres and their historical origins, race in music and pop culture, along with technical information regarding data (the storage of it, manipulation of it, and various forms of it), as well as actual history lessons about this country At this point I’m not sure what to expect when I go to class

HIS 390 – 11/7 class
“copyright sampling and hip-hop”

-Sampling aka stealing if you don’t do it correctly by correctly I mean getting permission from the original creator and making it your own and most importantly the new product MUSt be good

Sampling is common in music especially in Hip Hop it used to be seen as a form of flattery until it became about big business with the music industry nevertheless it is something an aspect of music that is tricky to pinpoint at times
Most people sample old songs that they heard their parents jamming to as children it is for different reasons but the ones I think make the most sense is to have the multi-generational appeal and to enjoy or vibe to the music that has a familiar sound/feel

-Data compression: shrinking music files to fit in smaller formats ex-mp3
Dynamic-much louder

HIS 390-blog for 11/12 class lecture
“The Latin Sound”

-The 20th century was the swing beat apart of all music until it was replaced with Rock in the 1950s
-Sampling Displacement
-People of Latin descent (mostly Puerto Rico and Cuba) came to America brought their style of music, aspects of their signature sound were found in pop music
-The Mambo Craze- started with Carlos Santana (a Mexican musician) who introduced the US the Latin sound
Everyone wanted to be a part of this wave by incorporating the Latin flair into their songs even Funk
-On the West Coast: Mexican-Labomba
-To me, the majority of the music that I’ve heard from the Mambo Craze sounds horrible and makes the artist appear to be fake
Almost all of it comes across as disingenuous and inauthentic
It is clear that artists of that time were attempting to follow the trend of what was seen as popular to make a hit record
In Cuban music, the guitar gets displaced by the piano
Argentina-The Tango was implemented in American music to get people to dance

“How music got free” by Steven Witt

The author found mp3 in 1997 in college
He downloaded multi-thousands of songs and albums for free
This was the beginning of the piracy generation

Colby North Carolina named Dell
The founder of Internet piracy
A few organized gropes released the original mp3 files.
Germany-inventors of the new music tech became rich

Spring of 1995 the end of the mp3
In Germany
Brandenburg leads the investigation to locate the original of mp3 and
Swiker- was an anatomy guy who created products in the analog era
Moving sounds together to trick the human ear
Physio acidic masking illusion
Sisor-a computer scientist
Who exploded Swimmer’s research flaws when CD
came out but he knew there would be a digital data compression but his invention was denied

Analysis by synthesis
Breaking up audio into bits. Overlapping tones
To me, this is complicated since I’m not into computer science or manipulating data
Huffman coding- by David Hoffman in
The 1950s look for patterns to combine bits pure simple tone

The original six -the team that helped Brandenburg
Stream music
Store music
They created comprehension technology
At&t and other large companies gave money to move this tech forward
A filter bank- tech that split sound into component frequencies
M peg game their endorsement of the New compressed music tech MP2 and the MP3 different format for digitizing music
The author illustrates his points with wonderful descriptions of people places and items BUT most of this information is unnecessary and distracts from the main points of the book

Glover (Dell) and Dockery friends who both enjoyed music computers and worked at the same factory
Music brought people together even those of different races and backgrounds

Dell worked at Polygram aka Phillips a music company they made CDs

I had never heard of an MP2 prior to reading this book but I am familiar with MP3 because I have owned a few different versions of MP3 players in the past and downloaded plenty of “free” music on the web
Music went from being creative to becoming business
In 1981 MTV was born and pop music turned it’s focus to singles

The order taker-authority- who had the info on what music was being sold
This was before computers and tracking of sales in the 1960s

Jimmy Iovine (in charge of Interscope records) and Morris
Pushed hardcore rap music
Started with Dr Dre tithe chronic
Death rope signed with Time Warner as their distributor
Snoop Dogg Dr Dre and 2 pac became their biggest super starts
Their first controversial group is 2 live Crew the only song to ever be banned in American history for obscenity face down ass up

Mp3 was seen as difficult to operate and was played on systems that were larger than VCR players

Steve Church-teloce
He listened the to the national hockey league to play music during games
1995 is the start of mp3 in North America during the new hockey season
Lp3 was a tool for ppl to create their own mp3 files at home
Later Intel was the first processor that could play an mp3 files from CDs
Brandenburg

The first handheld mp5 was the size of a brick and only held over minutes of sound
They created wind play for Windows 95 it could play 20 songs
By 1995 it cost $5

Wares (software) -digital piracy of anything with sound music games even porn

Glover ripped 2 pac all eyes on me from q CD then started it for free online

Morris signed Cash Money (headed by birdman and slim) -first hit was Juvenile song back that ass up

CD bootlegging was huge and a problem for record companies so they included the state to solve the problem by arresting people
Morris realized Micheal Jackson’s Thriller was the big change that was needed
Customers wanted better quality music to give them a reason to purchase music

The AAC tech took over, which was created by the Fran Hoffer team and backed by corporations

In every area (universal music group) there was someone leaking data
Music, movies, games etc

Seen fanner (college student) created Napster-trading mp3 online
Options to streaming music became the digital jukebox

Glover stole CDs from the music plant by wrapping them in one of his gloves, hid it in a crack of the grinder then put the CD in back of his belt buckle

I have to admit I used to use lime wire and remember when they were sure and sit down

Coim-The bit Torrence- make downloading faster by taking small bits from one song as multiple ppl were downloading it then convinced the bits together for the full song to play

“Segregation of Sound” by Miller

-There was a shift in music in the South, the Southern Embrace of Commercial Music
a white man named Charles Peabody made the earliest Blues music found which surprises me In 1903, he published a description of what he had heard in the Journal of American Folklore.one of his biggest hits was a recreation of a minstrel show song, I find it interesting that it is referred to as a “bully song” in the book
-Folk music was supposed to be pure and untouched since the people making it were living in rural areas and unplugged from the rest of the country
Folk music is any kind of music that speaks to a specific community and is not marketed to people outside of it
-Pop music made its way into southern culture during this time in the 1900s
Commercial Pop was big with Black and White Southerners and had nothing to do with race by then
The Railroad expansion helped expand the reach of Commercial Pop to the south
*Publishing
-In 1881 T. B. Harms publishing house in NY center of pop music publishing in U.s
-Then other companies started hiring writers and artists for cheap to create songs that they would own completely
-There was a railroad circuit from state to state for musicians to travel playing their music ‘‘Railroadin’ Some’’ lyrics’ circuitous route
Henry Thomas was a popular railroad musician
-Leadbelly-a term that is used in cowboy/western shows that depicts a man as being a murder/serious criminal (low down Leadbelly), which is my understanding of this term
Now that I have read this book I know that Leadbelly was a man’s name who was a singer in the South was going to jail for murder
-Country music-cowboy songs
Roosevelt and Wendell believed that Lomax had uncovered evidence of the past living in the present. Cowboys on the shrinking frontier, isolated from the ubiquitous, self-conscious music of the modern marketplace, had preserved the ancient art of ballad-making. Their physical and social isolation had enabled them to create music that spoke to a deep, fundamental ‘‘human rhythm’’ and truth.∞
This makes the point that elements of the past do appear in music today, which goes for all genres
-This book discusses travel, finances, and culture of that era and goes into details about how major cities were changed by them ex: NYC and Texas
I’m assuming they thought this background info was important for the reader to better understand the reasoning for the creation of the music but I think that point may have been lost with the in-depth history lesson, to me it is unhelpful. I do like that Miller included lyrics from songs
I feel like I’ve heard most of the key points of this book in class and learned more from the lecture than from reading this book
I think this book does have clever chapter titles and subtitles that grasp the reader’s attention but I think it is its purpose is to be utilized by people who are researching the history of music but it is not for exploring the history of the digital past